Friday, January 2, 2009

Watchtower Errors by Bible Verses: Index

This is the main index of my Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (Jehovah's Witnesses) errors by Bible verses.

[Right: ex-JW elder David A. Reed's, Jehovah's Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (1987), Amazon.com. See also `tagline' quotes below all from this book (emphasis original italics, emphasis bold mine)]

As with my complementary "Watchtower Errors by Topic: A-Z,"although this index is similar in concept to Reed's book above, it will be all my own work, adding key Bible verses as I think of them.

I had originally intended that each book of the Bible would have its own page, but I am now going to have a page (or pages) for each verse. Each verse's page (or first page in the case of multiple pages) will be linked back to this main index page.


Watchtower Errors by Bible Verses: Index

OT: Gn, Ex, Lev, Num, Dt, Jos, Jdg, Ru, 1Sam, 2Sam, 1Ki, 2Ki, 1Ch, 2Ch, Ezr, Neh, Est, Job, Ps, Pr, Ecc, SS, Isa, Jer, Lam, Eze, Dan, Hos, Joel, Am, Ob, Jnh, Mic, Nah, Hab, Zep, Hag, Zec, Mal.

NT: Mt, Mk, Lk, Jn, Ac, Rom, 1Cor, 2Cor, Gal, Eph, Php, Col, 1Th, 2Th, 1Tim, 2Tim, Tit, Phm, Heb, Jam, 1Pet, 2Pet, 1Jn, 2Jn, 3Jn, Jude, Rev. Bibliography.

Stephen E. Jones
Blogs: CreationEvolutionDesign & TheShroudofTurin


"Exodus 3:14 God said to Moses, `I AM WHO I AM.' And he said, `Say this to the people of Israel, `I AM has sent me to you:' ` (RSV) Christians universally recognize that Jesus Christ was claiming to be the Deity when he referred to himself as. the I AM: `The Jews then said to him, `You are not yet fifty years old, and have you seen Abraham?' Jesus said to them, `Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I am' (John 8:57-58, RSV). Even Jesus' enemies recognized what he was saying. The next verse tells us that, when they heard this, `they took up stones to throw at - him...' (v. 59). The unbelieving Jews viewed Jesus' claim to be the I AM as blasphemy, a crime for which they wanted to stone him to death. Jehovah's Witnesses, however, teach that Jesus Christ is really just Michael the archangel and that Christ never claimed to be God. So, to make Scripture agree with their doctrine, they change the reading of both verses in their Bible. The Watchtower Society's translation says, `This is what you are to say to the sons of Israel, `I SHALL PROVE TO BE has sent me to you' (Exod. 3:14, NWT), and `Most truly I say to you, Before Abraham came into existence, I have been' (John 8:58, NWT). So, in the JW Bible, Jesus' words appear to have no connection with Exodus 3:14. But you do not have to be a Greek and Hebrew scholar to prove that the Watchtower Society has twisted these verses. Jehovah's Witnesses' own study Bibles prove that Jesus was claiming to be the I AM. Their 1984 large-print New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures with References has a footnote on Exodus 3:14, admitting that the Hebrew would be rendered into Greek as `Ego eimi'-I am.' And their 1985 Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures reveals that Jesus' words at John 8:58 are the same: `ego eimi' (footnote), `I am' (interlinear text) " (Reed, D.A., 1986, "Jehovah's Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse," Baker: Grand Rapids MI, Thirty-first printing, 2006, pp.26-27).

"Deuteronomy 18:20-22 `However, the prophet who presumes to speak in my name a word that I have not commanded him to speak or who speaks in the name of other gods, that prophet must die. And in case you should say in your heart: `How shall we know the word that Jehovah has not spoken?' when the prophet speaks in the name of Jehovah and the word does not occur or come true, that is the word that Jehovah did not speak. With presumptuousness the prophet spoke it. You must not get frightened at him.' (NWT). The Watchtower organization identifies itself as `The Prophet,' saying: `This "prophet" was not one man, but was a body of men and women. It was the small group of footstep followers of Jesus Christ, known at that time as International Bible Students. Today they are known as Jehovah's Christian witnesses. They are still proclaiming a warning...' (The Watchtower, 4/1/72, p. 197). The added claim is made that: `Unless we are in touch with this channel of communication that God is using, we will not progress along the road to life, no matter how much Bible reading we do' (The Watchtower, 12/1/81, p. 27)." (Reed, 1986, pp.30-31).

"Are these claims true? Is the Watchtower organization really the Prophet, the channel of communication from God? Or, is it a false prophet, fitting the description of Deuteronomy 18:20-22? The test is simple: Step #1-We know the organization `spoke in the name of Jehovah'; Step #2-We must determine whether or not the prophecies actually did occur or come true. Let's examine the facts: Throughout half of its hundred-year history, the Watchtower Society taught the belief of its founder and first president, Charles Taze Russell, that the Great Pyramid of Egypt was `inspired' of God just like the Bible (see the Watchtower's book Thy Kingdom Come, 1903 edition, p. 362). The Society's publications translated inches of pyramid measurements into calendar years, in attempts to foretell future events. Thus, they predicted that the Battle of Armageddon `will end in A.D. 1914 with the complete overthrow of earth's present rulership' (The Time Is at Hand, 1904 edition, p. 101). Obviously, this did not occur or come true. Still determined to act as a prophet, the Watchtower Society went on to predict an earthly resurrection for the year 1925: `They are to be resurrected as perfect men and constitute the princes or rulers in the earth, according to his promise.... Therefore we may confidently expect that 1925 will mark the return of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and the faithful prophets of old' (Watchtower's book Millions Now Living Will Never Die, 1920, pp. 89-90). Did this occur or come true? No! More recently, the organization misled millions into believing that `the end' would come in 1975. They asked: `Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?' (title of article in The Watchtower, 8/15/68, p. 494):

Are we to assume from this study that the battle of Armageddon will be all over by the autumn of 1975, and the long-looked-for thousand-year reign of Christ will begin by then? Possibly, but we wait to see how closely the seventh thousand-year period of man's existence coincides with the sabbathlike thousand-year reign of Christ. If these two periods run parallel with each other as to the calendar year, it will not be by mere chance or accident but will be according to Jehovah's loving and timely purposes... . It may involve only a difference of weeks or months, not years [p. 499].

Certainly, by now, enough weeks, months, and years have passed to prove that this prophecy concerning 1975 did not occur or come true." (Reed, 1986, pp.31-32).

"A JW may try to defend the Watchtower Society, saying that those false prophecies were all `mistakes' and that the organization has learned from these mistakes and no longer makes prophetic statements about when the end will come. In that case, ask the Witness to take out a copy of his latest Awake! magazine. Inside the front cover, on the page listing the contents of the magazine, there is a statement of purpose telling why Awake! is published. Ask the Witness to read it. As of this writing (1986), each issue still says: `Most importantly, this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure New Order before the generation that saw the events of 1914 passes away.' Another prophecy! ... The facts are inescapable: The Watchtower Society spoke as a prophet, in the name of God, and what was prophesied did not come true. What does this mean for the individual Jehovah's Witness? Invite one to read what God's Word says about false prophets-and then ask what God would have him or her do. The Bible contains these warnings from Jesus Christ: `Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves.' `For false Christs and false prophets will arise ... ` (Matt. 7:15, and 24:24, RSV). And the strong words quoted above from Deuteronomy 18:20-22, besides expressing God's judgment that the false prophet `must die,' also tell listeners, `You must not get frightened at him.' Rather than remain fearfully obedient to Watchtower leaders, the individual Jehovah's Witness who recognizes the organization as a false prophet should quit following it and start following the true Prophet, Jesus Christ." (Reed, 1986, pp.32-33).

"Psalm 110:1 The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. (KJV) Jehovah's Witnesses ... open their New World Translation and read the same verse: `The utterance of Jehovah to my Lord is... .' They go on to argue (1) that the New World Translation is a superior Bible to use, because it does not have the Lord talking to himself; and (2) that the Lord Jesus must be a mere created being, since Jehovah God is addressing a person distinct from himself. . To answer the first argument, it is only necessary to look at the text more closely. It does not say that `the Lord' was talking to `the Lord.' Most translations render the Hebrew tetragrammaton YHWH as `the LORD' (all capital letters), who is talking to the psalmist's `Lord' (both capital and small letters), the Messiah. .... Knowledgeable Christians who read this verse will grasp that God the Father is speaking to the Son. The second Witness argument-that Jesus cannot be God because `the LORD' spoke to him-is also a faulty one. The New Testament records many conversations between Jesus and the Father, but this does not disprove the deity of Christ. The Bible reveals that the Father is God (John 6:27, etc.) and that the Son is God (Isa. 9:6, John 20:28, etc.), yet there is only one God (1 Cor. 8:4)." (Reed, 1986, pp.35-36).

"In explaining to Witnesses the fact that Psalm 110 shows God, the Father in heaven, talking to the Son (also God) upon the earth, it may help to invite them to turn to Genesis 18 and 19 in their own New World Translation. There it says that `Jehovah appeared to him' [Abraham] as `three men' or angels (18:1-2). Abraham addressed the three as `Jehovah' (18:3). Two of them left Abraham and went toward the city of Sodom, but Abraham continued to address the remaining individual as `Jehovah' (18:22, 19:1). When the other two reached Sodom and spoke with Abraham's relative Lot, he addressed the two of them as `Jehovah' (19:18). And, when the city of Sodom was destroyed, the New World Translation says at Genesis 19:24: `Then Jehovah made it rain sulphur and fire from Jehovah, from the heavens... .' So, unless the Witnesses want to claim that there is more than one Jehovah, they will have to admit that God can be in more than one place at the same time, and that he can hold simultaneous conversations with different people in different places. This should make it easier for them to grasp that the Father can talk to the Son, without calling into question the deity of Christ." (Reed, 1986, pp.36-37).

"Ezekiel 18:4 Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die. (KJV) `So,' says the Jehovah's Witness, `the soul dies. This verse proves that there is no conscious life after death.' Does it? Not at all! First, look at the context. What is the writer talking about? The Israelites were grumbling against God, quoting a proverb that said: `The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge' (v. 2)-they were complaining that punishment for what a father did fell upon his offspring. Verse 4 is God's reply: The one who sins is the one who will die. .. So, the context reveals that the inspired Word was not speaking here about the condition of the dead. The word soul is used in many different senses throughout Scripture. It sometimes refers to a person's life, sometimes to the person himself ... and sometimes it refers to the inner part of man that lives on after death. Jehovah's Witnesses deny this last use of the word soul. They say that man totally ceases to exist at death, that when the body dies, there is nothing left. But there are many Scripture verses that prove them wrong. For example, ask them to turn to Luke 12:4-5. Their own New World Translation says, `. .. Do not fear those who kill the body and after this are not able to do anything more. But I will indicate to you whom to fear: Fear him who after killing has authority to throw into Gehenna. Yes, I tell you, fear this One.' Therefore, a man's body can be killed. He is dead. But something can be done to him after he is dead. He can then be thrown into Gehenna. Now if, as the Witnesses say, the man ceased to exist when his body was killed, what would be left afterwards to be thrown into Gehenna? Likewise, in 2 Corinthians 5, the apostle Paul wrote of the body as `the earthly tent we live in,' adding that he `would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord' ... If the Jehovah's Witnesses were correct, what part of Paul could leave his body and go to be with the Lord? You might also ask the JW to read Revelation 6:9-11 in his own Bible. There it speaks of `the souls of those slaughtered,' asking God when their blood would be avenged. It adds that `a white robe was given to each of them; and they were told to rest a little while longer, until the number was filled also of their fellow slaves and their brothers who were about to be killed as they also had been.' Yes, these souls had been killed, but they are depicted as being in God's presence and engaging in conversation with him." (Reed, 1986, pp.45-46).

"Daniel 10:13, 21; 12:1 `... Michael, one of the foremost princes, came to help me. ... Michael, the prince of you people... . And during that time Michael will stand up, the great prince who is standing in behalf of the sons of your people... .' (NWT) The Watchtower Society teaches Jehovah's Witnesses that Jesus Christ was a mere angel, who was born as a human, died as a sacrifice for sins, and was raised up as an angel once again. They refer to him as `Jesus Christ, whom we understand from the Scriptures to be Michael the archangel ...' (The Watchtower, 2/15/79, p. 31). But is that really what the Bible teaches? Or is it, rather, a teaching that Watchtower leaders superimpose on Scripture? God's inspired Word mentions Michael five times-as (1) `one of the foremost princes' (Dan. 10:13, NWT); (2) `the prince of [Daniel's] people' (Dan. 10:21, NWT); (3) `the great prince who is standing in behalf of the sons of [Daniel's] people' (Dan. 12:1, NWT); (4) `the archangel' who `had a difference with the Devil and was disputing about Moses' body' but `did not dare to bring a judgment against him in abusive terms' (Jude 9, NWT); and (5) a participant in heavenly conflict when `Michael and his angels battled with the dragon' (Rev. 12:7, NWT). Which of these verses state that Michael is Jesus Christ? None of them! It is necessary to read Scripture plus a complicated Watchtower argument to reach that conclusion. The Society also turns for support to another verse that does not use the name Michael but says that `the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice and with God's trumpet' (1 Thess. 4:16, NWT). But, if using an archangel's voice makes the Lord an archangel, then having God's trumpet makes him God-even though Watchtower leaders would have us look at only the first part of the verse. " (Reed, 1986, pp.46-47).

"Does the Bible teach elsewhere that Jesus Christ is a mere angel? To the contrary, the entire first chapter of Hebrews was written to show the superiority of the Son of God as compared to angels. Verse after verse contrasts the angels with `... His Son, whom He has appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the worlds; who being the brightness of His glory and the express image of His person ... having become so much better than the angels, as He has by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. For to which of the angels did He ever say: 'You are My Son, today I have begotten you'? ... But when He again brings the firstborn into the world, He says: 'Let all the angels of God worship Him.' And of the angels He says: 'Who makes His angels spirits and His ministers a flame of fire.' But to the Son He says: 'Your throne, O God, is forever and ever... .' And: `You, LORD, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth... .' (Heb. 1:2-8, 10, NKJV) The Son is `the reflection' of the Father's glory `and the exact representation of his very being, and he sustains all things by the word of his power'-something no angel could do-even according to the Watchtower's own translation of Hebrews 1:3 (NWT). Moreover, good angels consistently refuse to accept worship. When the apostle John fell down to worship at the feet of an angel, the angel rebuked him, saying, `Be careful! Do not do that! ... Worship God' (Rev. 22:8-9, NWT). But the Father's command concerning the Son is to `let all God's angels worship him' (Heb. 1:6, NWT, 1961 edition). In later editions, the Watchtower Society changed `worship' to `obeisance' at Hebrew 1:6. Still, regardless of how it is translated, the same Greek word proskuneo is used at both Rev. 22:8-9 and Hebrews 1:6. The proskuneo (worship or obeisance) that angels refuse to accept, but say to give only to God, is the same proskuneo (worship or obeisance) that the Father commands to be given to the Son at Hebrews 1:6. So, the Son cannot be an angel, but must be God. Persons who stop following the Watchtower organization, and start following Jesus Christ, soon come to appreciate that he is no mere angel. This realization is important, in order that they may `honor the Son just as they honor the Father' (John 5:23, NWT)." (Reed, 1986, pp.47-48).

"Matthew 6:9 `You must pray, then, this way: `Our Father in the heavens, let your name be sanctified.' ` (NWT) Jehovah's Witnesses point out that God's name must be sanctified, and thus they `prove' that we must use the name Jehovah, in order for our prayers to be heard by God. But is that what Jesus taught? Did he begin his own prayers with the expression `Jehovah God,' as the Witnesses do? Not at all! While expressing concern in the prayer that God's name be sanctified or hallowed (treated as sacred or holy), Jesus taught his disciples to pray to `our Father,' not to `Jehovah God.' He said, `You must pray, then, this way: "Our Father... ."' Many of Jesus' own personal prayers are also recorded in the Bible, and in these he sets the same example: `Father, I thank you...' (John 11:41, NWT). `Abba, Father, all things are possible to you...' (Mark 14:36, NWT). `Father, the hour has come ...' (John 17:1, NWT). Witnesses might object by saying, `Jesus had a close, special relationship with the Father. That's why he did not address him as 'Jehovah.' We might acknowledge that there is some truth to that, but Jesus' purpose was to bring all of his disciples into a close, special relationship with God, too. `No one comes to the Father except through me,' Jesus taught (John 14:6, NWT). Of Christians who come to the Father through Jesus, the Bible says: `... you have received the Spirit bf adoption by whom we cry out, `Abba, Father.' The Spirit Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God' (Rom. 8:15-16, NKJV). It is obvious that Jesus' words at Matthew 6:9 definitely do not teach a need to use the name Jehovah in prayer." (Reed, 1986, pp.52-53).

"Matthew 24:34 "Assuredly, I say to you, this generation will by no means pass away till all these things are fulfilled." (NKJV) Which generation? The subject is a matter of debate among Christian Bible readers-but not among Jehovah's Witnesses, because their organization has told them specifically that `the evidence points to the 1914 generation as the generation spoken of by Jesus. Thus, "this generation will by no means pass away until all these things (including the apocalypse) occur"' (The Watchtower, 2/15/86, p. 5). For many years, each issue of their Awake! magazine has featured this statement of purpose on page 2: `Most importantly, this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure New Order before the generation that saw the events of 1914 passes away.' The Awake! issue of October 8, 1968, defined the generation even more precisely by saying, `Jesus was obviously speaking about those who were old enough to witness with understanding what took place,' suggesting that these would be `youngsters 15 years of age' (p. 13, italics theirs). They said most definitely that `the `generation' logically would not apply to babies born during World War I' (The Watchtower, 10/1/78, p. 31). One need only calculate that someone fifteen years old in 1914 would be twenty-five years old in 1924, thirty-five years old in 1934-and eighty-five years old in 1984-to realize that the Watchtower's `generation that will not pass away' was almost gone by the mid-1980s. The prophecy was about to fail. But, rather than change the prophecy, JW leaders simply stretched the generation. Instead of fifteen-year-olds, who could witness `with understanding' what took place in 1914, they began to indicate instead that the generation would be made up of `those born around the time' (the very babies that they had earlier excluded!), saying: `If Jesus used `generation' in that sense and we apply it to 1914, then the babies of that generation are now 70 years old or older' (The Watchtower, 5/15/84, p. 5). ... persons who make false prophecies fall into the categories of those the Lord warned us to watch out for: `For false christs and false prophets will arise and show great signs and wonders, so as to deceive, if possible, even the elect' (Matt. 24:24, NKJV)." (Reed, 1986, pp.56-57).

"Luke 16:22-24,27-28 `Now in course of time the beggar died and he was carried off by the angels to the bosom [position] of Abraham. Also, the rich man died and was buried. And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, he existing in torments, and he saw Abraham afar off and Lazarus in the bosom [position] with him. So he called and said, "Father Abraham, have mercy on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in anguish in this blazing fire.... send him to the house of my father, for I have five brothers, in order that he may give them a thorough witness, that they also should not get into this place of torment.' (NWT) Jehovah's Witnesses believe their organization's teaching that hades is simply the grave and that there is no conscious existence for the dead until a future resurrection. But, since Jesus' words in the verses above do speak of such conscious existence, the Watchtower Society has to do something to negate those words. So they point out that the account is a parable, or illustration, and apply a purely symbolic meaning to everything in the story. ... Therefore, Jesus was not really talking about the condition of the dead in Luke 16, according to the Watchtower Society. ... But an examination of the Lord's other parables reveals that all of them were illustrations based on real-life situations. ... So, if the story of the rich man and Lazarus is like all the rest of Jesus' parables, it also must use a real situation to illustrate spiritual things. People must really have a conscious existence after death, and some of them must really be `in torments,' deeply regretting their past life. ... But the solution is not to be found in denying what the Bible plainly says. Although Jesus Christ was by far the most loving and compassionate person ever to walk the earth, he also had the most to say about the unpleasantness facing people after death. He said, for example:

`The Son of man will send his angels, and they will gather out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all evildoers, and throw them into the furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth.' (Matt. 13:4142, RSV).

`But he will say, " tell you, I do not know where you come from; depart from me, all you workers of iniquity!"There you will weep and gnash your teeth, when you see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God and you yourselves thrust out.' (Luke 13:27-28, RSV).

`So it will be at the end of the age. The angels will come out and separate the evil from the righteous, and throw them into the furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth.' (Matt. 13:49-50, RSV).

`Then the king said to the attendants, "Bind him hand and foot, and cast him into the outer darkness; there men will weep and gnash their teeth."' (Matt. 22:13, RSV).

`The master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he is not aware of. He will cut him to pieces and assign him a place with the hypocrites, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.' (Matt. 24:50-51, NIV).

`The master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he is not aware of. He will cut him to pieces and assign him a place with the unbelievers. That servant who knows his master's will and does not get ready or does not do what his master wants will be beaten with many blows. But the one who does not know and does things deserving punishment will be beaten with few blows... .' (Luke 12:46-48, NIV)."

"`And throw the good-for-nothing slave out into the darkness outside. There is where his weeping and the gnashing of his teeth will be.' (Matt. 25:30, NWT).

`... but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! It would have been better for that man if he had not been born.' [Author's note: If he had not been born, the betrayer would have been nonexistent. But nonexistence was better than the punishment now in store for him. So, the Watchtower must be wrong in its teaching that Judas' death plunged him into eternal nonexistence.] (Matt. 26:24, RSV).

`... it is finer for you to enter one-eyed into the kingdom of God than with two eyes to be pitched into Gehenna, where their maggot does not die and the fire is not put out.' (Mark 9:47-48, NWT).

`Rejoice in that day and leap, for, look! your reward is great in heaven.... But woe to you rich persons, because you are having your consolation in full. Woe to you who are filled up now, because you will go hungry. Woe, you who are laughing now, because you will mourn and weep.' (Luke 6:23-25, NWT).

`Moreover, I say to you, my friends, Do not fear those who kill the body and after this are not able to do anything more. But I will indicate to you whom to fear: Fear him who after killing has authority to throw into Gehenna. Yes, I tell you, fear this One.' (Luke 12:4-5, NWT).

And in the revelation that Jesus gave to the aged apostle John, the Lord's angelic messenger says,

`If anyone worships the wild beast and its image, and receives a mark on his forehead or upon his hand, he will also drink of the wine of the anger of God that is poured out undiluted into the cup of his wrath, and he shall be tormented with fire and sulphur in the sight of the holy angels and in the sight of the Lamb. And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever, and day and night they have no rest. .. . (Rev. 14:9-11, NWT)"

Conclude by asking the Jehovah's Witness, `If someone never read any Watchtower Society publications, but only read Jesus' words, what would he believe on this subject? What did Bible readers believe for centuries before Watchtower founder `Pastor' Russell came along in the late 1800s and taught his no-hell doctrine?' The Lord used figurative language-darkness, fire, torment, exclusion-but the point is clear: Jesus taught that disobedient mankind faces some sort of unpleasantness after death, and that he came as Savior to rescue us from such a fate." (Reed, 1986, pp.63-67).

"Luke 23:43 And he said to him, `Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise.' (RSV). The Watchtower Society's translators have moved the comma from before the word `today' to after it. This moves the adverb `today' from the second half of the sentence to the first half. So, instead of `today' identifying the time when the repentant evildoer on the cross will be with the Lord `in Paradise,' the text is changed so that `today' appears to identify simply the time when Jesus was speaking. This is another case in which JW leaders have changed the Bible to fit their doctrines. They teach that the man who turned to the Lord on the cross and said, `Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom' (v 42), did not go to be with Christ in Paradise that day. Rather, they claim that he was annihilated at death, has not existed anywhere at all for the past two thousand years, and will eventually get to be with the Lord in Paradise at some time during the future millennium. It was difficult for Jehovah's Witnesses to teach this doctrine in view of Jesus' words to the dying man. Therefore, when they produced their own Bible, they changed his words-or at least the punctuation, which changes the meaning of the words. ... Jesus used the expression `truly I tell you,' or `truly I say to you,' on many different occasions. ... How did the New World Bible Translation Committee punctuate the same expression in every other place where it appears? Where did all the commas go? ... of the six verses where the Lord used this same expression in the Gospel of Luke, as well as all seventy-one passages where he used it in the four Gospels. ... Luke 23:43 ... is the only verse that they punctuated differently, so as to include the time element in the first half of the sentence-obvious proof that Watchtower translators altered this verse to fit the sect's doctrines." (Reed, 1986, pp.69-70).

"Colossians 1:15 He is the image of the invisible God, the first-born of all creation. (RSV) Jehovah's Witnesses cite this verse as `proof' that Jesus Christ is not God, but rather the first angel that God created. However, does the word first-born in the Bible necessarily mean the first one who was born or created? Not at all! The term is often used in Scripture to signify priority in importance or rank, rather than actual birth order. For example, ask the Witness to turn to Psalm 89:27. This verse speaks about King David, who was the youngest, or last-born son of Jesse [1Sam 16:10-12]-as far away as he could be from being literally first-born. But note what God says about him in the psalm: `Also, I myself shall place him as firstborn ...' (NWT). Clearly, God did not reverse the order of David's birth; he was not speaking about birth order. What the psalm meant was that King David would be elevated in rank, above the others, to the preeminent position. Now, to demonstrate that the term is used in this sense when speaking about Christ at Colossians 1:15, ask the Witness to look at the context. Point out, particularly, verse 18, which identifies Christ as `the head' and `the first-born' and says that this is for the purpose `that in everything he might be pre-eminent ' (RSV). While you are right there in the Book of Colossians, clinch the point about the deity of Christ by reading chapter 2, verse 9: `For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form.' (NIV)." (Reed, 1986, pp.97-98).

"Colossians 2:9 For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form. (NIV) This is a text that should definitely be included when sharing with a Jehovah's Witness the abundant scriptural evidence that Jesus Christ is God. Reading it in a number of translations may prove helpful: `For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily' (KJV). `For in Christ there is all of God in a human body" (LB) and `in him all the fullness of deity is resident in bodily form' (The Bible in Living English, translated by Steven T. Byington, published by the Watchtower Society, 1972). The Watchtower's New World Translation attempts to water down the message of this verse by rendering it: `because it is in him that all the fullness of the divine quality dwells bodily.' But the reference edition (footnote) and the interlinear version of their Bible both admit that the Greek word they translate as `divine quality' literally means `godship.'" (Reed, 1986, p.98).

"Revelation 1:7-8 Look! He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, and those who pierced him; and all the tribes of the earth will beat themselves in grief because of him. Yes, Amen. `I am the Alpha and the Omega,' says Jehovah God, `the One who is and who was and who is coming, the Almighty.' (NWT) If Jesus Christ is shown to be `the Alpha and the Omega' and `the First and the Last,' while the JW Bible also says that Jehovah God is `the Alpha and the Omega' and `the First and the Last,' the Jehovah's Witness must either admit that Jesus Christ is the Almighty God-or else close his eyes to the Word." (Reed, 1986, pp.101-102).

"You might discuss these verses with a Witness as follows, using his own New World Translation: Revelation 1:7-8, quoted above, says that someone `is coming.' Who? Verse 7 says it is someone who was `pierced.' Who was it that was pierced when he was nailed up to die? Jesus! But verse 8 says that it is Jehovah God who `is coming.' Could it be that there are two who are coming? No! Verse 8 refers to `the One who ... is coming.' Revelation 1:8 states clearly that Jehovah God is the Alpha and the Omega. Now note what he says at Revelation 22:12-13: `'Look! I am coming quickly ... I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last... .' ` So, Jehovah God is coming quickly. But notice the response when he says it again: ``'Yes; I am coming quickly. ` Amen! Come, Lord Jesus' (22:20, NWT). At this point you might mention that Alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, while Omega is the last letter. Therefore, `the Alpha and the Omega' means the same thing as `the First and the Last.' Then, again referring to the New World Translation, continue like this: Who is speaking in Revelation 2:8? `These are the things that he says, `the First and the Last,' who became dead and came to life again... .' Obviously, it is Jesus. Who was Jesus identifying himself as being, when he called himself `the First and the Last'? This is how Almighty God described himself in the Old Testament. Jesus knew that the apostle John, who wrote the Revelation, and later Bible readers would all remember these verses: `"... I am the same One. I am the first. Moreover, I am the last. Moreover, my own hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my own right hand extended out the heavens ..."' (Isa. 48:12-13). And: `... I am the same One. Before me there was no God formed, and after me there continued to be none. I-I am Jehovah, and besides me there is no savior' (Isa. 43:10-11). Note, too, that the expression the first and the last is used this way to refer to the Jehovah God in Revelation 22:13: `'I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end.' Yet John also records: `.... And he laid his right hand upon me and said: `Do not be fearful. I am the First and the Last, and the living one; and I became dead, but look! I am living forever and ever ...' (Rev. 1:17-18). Remind the Jehovah's Witness that he has read in his own Bible that Jehovah God is the One who is coming, the One who is coming quickly, the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, and the only Savior. He has also read that our Savior Jesus Christ is the one who is coming, the One who is coming quickly, the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last." (Reed, 1986, Ibid., pp.102-103).

"Revelation 3:14 And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God. (KJV) This verse is one of the Jehovah's Witnesses' favorites, in their attempt to `prove' that Jesus Christ is a mere created being, the first angel that God made. `Look!' they say. `Jesus is `the beginning of the creation.' But they should be careful. They will tell you that God the Father is the speaker at Revelation 21:6 and 22:13, yet in both verses he calls himself `the beginning.' Therefore, `the beginning' must mean something else other than the first thing created. Actually, in each of these cases, the Greek text says arche, a word listed in Vine's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words as having such varied meanings as `beginning,' `power,' `magistrate,' and `ruler.' The Watchtower Bible translates the plural of the same word as `government officials' at Luke 12:11. It is the root of our words archbishop, architect, and other words referring to someone who is chief over others. Thus, the New International Version at Revelation 3:14 says that Christ is `the ruler of God's creation.' So there is no basis for claiming that Revelation 3:14 makes Jesus Christ a created being." (Reed, 1986, pp.103-104).

Tuesday, December 30, 2008

Was Jesus born on December 25? #3: Paganism borrowed December 25 from Christianity!

Continuing from "Was Jesus born on December 25? #2: Pagan origin so shouldn't be celebrated?" with this part #3 of my

[Above (click to enlarge): Sol Invictus silver disc , Roman, 3rd century AD, in British Museum: Wikipedia]

four-part series, "Was Jesus born on December 25?

As we saw in parts #1 & #2, the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society's confused claim is that Christianity's celebration of Christmas on December 25 as the date of Jesus' birth is based on either or both the Roman festivals of Saturnalia on 17-23 December and Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") on 25 December.

Saturnalia was celebrated only in Rome, it was not December 25 and has nothing in common with Christ's birth.

But Saturnalia was celebrated only in Rome, it's primary celebration was December 17 and it ended before December 25 (on the 23rd or 24th), and has nothing in common with Christ's birth:

"One of the ... festivals of ancient Rome was the Saturnalia ... celebrated on December 17-24. ... it was a time of wild merrymaking ..." ("Saturnalia," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).

"Saturnalia is the feast with which the Romans commemorated the dedication of the temple of the god Saturn ... Originally celebrated for a day, on December 17th, popularity grew it to week-long ... ending on the 23rd." ("Saturnalia," Wikipedia, 2008).

Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was instituted between AD 218-220 and reestablished in AD 274 but the earliest reference to it being celebrated on December 25 is AD 354.

And Sol Invictus was instituted by the 14-year-old Syrian-born Roman Emperor Elagabalus in c. AD 220 in a failed attempt and then reestablished by Aurelian in AD 274 but the earliest reference to it being celebrated on December 25 is AD 354

"Sol ... sun god... The Roman emperor Elagabalus (reigned AD 218-222) built a temple to him as Sol Invictus ... and attempted to make his worship the principal religion at Rome. The emperor Aurelian (reigned 270-275) later reestablished the worship and erected a magnificent temple to Sol ..." ("Sol," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).

"Elagabalus ... was a Roman Emperor ...who reigned from 218 to 222. ... replaced Jupiter, head of the Roman pantheon, with a new god, Deus Sol Invictus ... meaning God the Undefeated Sun ... [in 222] the Praetorians attacked [and killed] Elagabalus ... His religious edicts were reversed ..." ("Elagabalus," Wikipedia, 2008).

"Aurelian ... Roman emperor from 270 to 275. By reuniting the empire, which had virtually disintegrated ... He sought to subordinate the divergent religions of the empire to the cult of the Unconquered Sun (Sol Invictus) and so create the kind of religious unity ..." ("Aurelian," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).

"... The Roman ... emperor Aurelian [c. 214-275] introduced an official cult of Sol Invictus ... in 274. ... the festival ...`birthday of the undefeated Sun', which is recorded in 354 ... as celebrated on the 25th December; but no earlier reference to it exists. " ("Sol Invictus: Aurelian," Wikipedia, 2008).

From the above it can be seen that Sol Invictus was "a new god" first instituted in Rome by emperor Elagabalus between 218-222 AD. But upon Elagabalus' death in 222, Sol Invictus was rejected by the Romans until it was reestablished by emperor Aurelius in 274 AD. But even then, the earliest record of Sol Invictus festival being celebrated on December 25 is 354 AD.

And "the earliest record of the celebration of Christ's birthday on December 25 dates to 243 A.D":

" ... Whether the 'Sol Invictus' festival has a `claim on the responsibility' for the date of Christmas ... has been called into question ... a December 25th date was determined simply by calculating nine months beyond March 25th, regarded as the day of Jesus' conception ... the identification of Christ's birthday pre-dates the Sol Invictus festival ... the earliest record of the celebration of Christ's birthday on December 25 dates to 243 A.D." ("Sol Invictus: Sol Invictus and Christianity," Wikipedia, 2008).

and indeed 22 years before that, "December 25 was first identified as the date of Jesus' birth by Sextus Julius Africanus in 221," by assuming that Jesus' conception was on March 25 and therefore His birth would have been nine months later on December 25:

"December 25 was first identified as the date of Jesus' birth by Sextus Julius Africanus in 221 ... by a priori reasoning that identified the spring equinox ... as the day of Jesus' conception ... March 25 ... December 25, nine months later, then became the date of Jesus' birth." ("Christmas," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).

And "While one frequently encounters assertions that Christmas was timed to coincide with the celebration of Sol Invictus, these never seem to be backed up by evidence" e.g. "quotations from the early Christians," therefore it remains "sheer speculation" :

"... Is Christmas a pagan celebration merely because it is celebrated at the same time of the year as ancient pagan feasts .... While one frequently encounters assertions that Christmas was timed to coincide with the celebration of Sol Invictus, these never seem to be backed up by evidence. ... by quotations from the early Christians saying, `We decided to time this celebration to coincide with Sol Invictus, and this is why ... this ought to be reflected in its writings, but it isn't. Witnesses never produce quotes from early Christians saying that Christmas was timed to coincide with a pagan festival. That is sheer speculation." (Evert, 2001, "Answering Jehovah's Witnesses," pp.145-146).

Even "Christian writers frequently made the connection between the rebirth of the sun and the birth of the Son" but "One of the difficulties with this view is that ...the early church was ... intent on distinguishing itself categorically from pagan beliefs and practices":

"Indeed, after December 25 had become widely accepted as the date of Jesus' birth, Christian writers frequently made the connection between the rebirth of the sun and the birth of the Son. One of the difficulties with this view is that it suggests a nonchalant willingness on the part of the Christian church to appropriate a pagan festival when the early church was so intent on distinguishing itself categorically from pagan beliefs and practices." ("Christmas," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 27 December 2008).

That both Roman paganism and Christianity held a celebration on the same day, December 25, has three possible explanations:

1. Coincidence - both Roman paganism and Christianity independently chose the same date December 25, the Romans to celebrate the rebirth of a sun-god, and the Christians to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the Son of God;

2. Christianity adopted December 25 from Roman paganism - there was a prior Roman festival on December 25 and Christians started celebrating the birth of Jesus on that same date; or

3. Roman paganism adopted December 25 from Christianity - there was a prior Christian celebration of Christ's birth on December 25 and Roman paganism decided to start celebrating the rebirth of a sun-god on that same date.

Of the above:

1. Coincidence is possible. Mere correlation is not causation. That is, Roman paganism and Christianity could have each independently celebrated on the same day, December 25, for different reasons. The `suspicious' similarity in sound between "sun" and "Son" in English does not apply in Latin, where "sun" is sol and "son" is filius. As December 25 was the winter solstice under the then Julian calendar, it is a logical date for the Romans to celebrate the sun-god's rebirth, as the days become longer from that date. Equally, since Christians assumed that Jesus was conceived at the spring equinox, which was March 25 under the Julian calendar, it follows that He would have been born nine months later on December 25.

2. Christianity adopted December 25 from Roman paganism is the least likely explanation, given Christianity's long struggle to distinguish itself from paganism (see above), for which many thousands of Christians had been persecuted, tortured and martyred. Moreover, there is nothing in Christian or pagan writings about the Church adopting December 25 from paganism to celebrate Christ's birth. Nor is there any evidence of December 25 being celebrated by Roman paganism until AD 354. Indeed, "Prior to 274 there's no record of a major sun cult at the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice":

"... why the church later chose Dec. 25 for Christmas. Two main theories compete. One notes that in A.D. 274, the Roman Emperor Aurelian inaugurated Dec. 25 as the pagan `Birth of the Unconquered Sun' celebration, at the calendar point when daylight began to lengthen. Supposedly, Christians then borrowed the date and devised Christmas to compete with paganism. Aurelian's empire seemed near collapse, so his festival proclaimed imperial and pagan rejuvenation. Prior to 274 there's no record of a major sun cult at the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice (the year's shortest day, which actually occurs before Dec. 25) ." (Ostling, 2004, "Why is Dec. 25 the date to celebrate Christmas?" North County Times, December 22).

Yet there is evidence of the birth of Jesus being independently calculated as December 25 in AD 211 by a Christian, Julius Sextus Africanus, and it being celebrated in AD 243.

Even if Christians in Rome, having become aware of Africanus' calculation in AD 221, had then decided to celebrate December 25 as the date of Jesus' birth by 243 AD, in opposition to an existing pagan celebration (of which there is no historical evidence that there was one at that time), it would have been totally different to the Watchtower's claim that Christians just adopted December 25 from paganism.

3. Roman paganism borrowed December 25 from Christianity is the most likely option. Roman paganism was syncretistic (witness the grafting on of the Syrian god El-Gabal to existing Roman sun-gods Sol and Sol Indiges (see "Sol" and "Elagabalus"). It would be far more likely for syncretistic Roman paganism, struggling against the rising tide of Christianity which had long been celebrating the birth of Jesus on December 25, to institute in AD 274-354, a Sol Invictus celebration on December 25, in competition with Christianity.

In fact, historian William Tighe maintains that December 25 owes "nothing whatsoever to pagan influences," that Aurelian created "a pagan alternative to a date that was already of some significance to Roman Christians" and "the pagans-first theory originated only three centuries ago":

"William Tighe ... champions the exact opposite theory. Aurelian almost certainly created `a pagan alternative to a date that was already of some significance to Roman Christians... Dec. 25 `appears to owe nothing whatsoever to pagan influences,' ... the pagans-first theory originated only three centuries ago in the writings of Protestant historian Paul Ernst Jablonski and Catholic monk Jean Hardouin." (Ostling, 2004, Ibid).

"Many Christians think that Christians celebrate Christ's birth on December 25th because the church fathers appropriated the date of a pagan festival. .. But ... the choice of December 25th is the result of attempts among the earliest Christians to figure out the date of Jesus' birth based on calendrical calculations that had nothing to do with pagan festivals. Rather, the pagan festival of the `Birth of the Unconquered Son' instituted by the Roman Emperor Aurelian on 25 December 274, was almost certainly an attempt to create a pagan alternative to a date that was already of some significance to Roman Christians. Thus the `pagan origins of Christmas' is a myth without historical substance." (Tighe, 2003a, "Calculating Christmas," Touchstone, December).

"The idea that the date was taken from the pagans goes back to two scholars from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. ... Jablonski ... wished to show that the celebration of Christ's birth on December 25th was one of the many `paganizations' of Christianity ... Hardouin ... tried to show that the Catholic Church adopted pagan festivals ... without paganizing the gospel." (Tighe, 2003b, Ibid).

"In the Julian calendar ... the winter solstice fell on December 25th, and it ... seemed obvious to Jablonski and Hardouin that the day must have had a pagan significance before it had a Christian one. But in fact, the date had no religious significance in the Roman pagan festal calendar before Aurelian's time ... There were two temples of the sun in Rome, one of which ... celebrated its dedication festival on August 9th, the other of which celebrated its dedication festival on August 28th. ... none of these cults ... had festivals associated with solstices or equinoxes." (Tighe, 2003c, Ibid).

"... Aurelian, who ruled from 270 until ... 275, was hostile to Christianity and ... promoted the establishment of the festival of the `Birth of the Unconquered Sun' as a device to unify the various pagan cults of the Roman Empire .... He led an empire that appeared to be collapsing .... In creating the new feast, he intended ... December 25th to be a symbol of the hoped-for `rebirth' ... of the Roman Empire .... If it co-opted the Christian celebration, so much the better." (Tighe, 2003d, Ibid).

Moreover, there is a link between Sextus Julius Africanus, who had calculated December 25 as the birth of Jesus, and the Roman emperor Alexander Severus ( 208-235), who was Elagabalus' heir apparent and succeeded him, and was possibly a Christian:

"Alexander Severus ... (... 208-... 235) ... succeeded, as heir apparent, his despised cousin, the eighteen year old Emperor Elagabalus ... he did much to improve the morals and condition of the people. ... .literature, art and science were encouraged ... ... In religious matters ... he was desirous of erecting a temple to the founder of Christianity [Jesus].." ("Alexander Severus," Wikipedia, 2008).

The link is that the Syrian Christian, Sextus Julius Africanus, was an "ambassador to Rome about 222" and "became a protégé of the" Syrian "emperor Severus Alexander":

"Sextus Julius Africanus ... born c. AD 180 ... died c. 250. ... . He was named regional ambassador to Rome about 222, when he became a protégé of the emperor Severus Alexander. Africanus' greatest work was Chronographiai (221), a five-volume treatise on sacred and profane history ..." ("Sextus Julius Africanus," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).

So it is highly likely (bordering on certainty) that in 222, the Syrian ambassador to Rome, Sextus Julius Africanus, told his fellow Christians in Rome, as well as his fellow Syrian, Emperor Severus Alexander, of his calculation of December 25 as the date of the birth of Jesus. That would explain the known historical facts that by AD 243 Christians in Rome had begun celebrating the birth of Jesus on December 25, followed by Roman paganism instituting between AD 274-354 a competing celebration of Sol Invictus .

But in that case, Roman paganism borrowed December 25 for its celebration of Sol Invictus from Christianity's existing celebration of the birth of Jesus on that date, not the other way round!

And then, for eighty years and counting, from 1928 to the present, the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society has been totally wrong in its claim that the Christian Church's celebration of Jesus' birth on December 25 is of pagan origin.

Note that none of the above precludes the date of Jesus' birth actually being December 25. Julius Sextus Africanus' calculation of Jesus' conception may well have been an attempt to give additional support to a widely-known tradition handed down from the days of the earliest Church, that Jesus was born on December 25. This is part of the theory I will propose, that Jesus was born on December 25, in the concluding part #4, "Was Jesus born on December 25? #4: The case for.

Quotes referenced above are hyperlinked to the full quote in the `tagline' below (emphasis original italics, emphasis bold mine).

Stephen E. Jones.
My other blogs: CreationEvolutionDesign & TheShroudofTurin


"Aurelian ... born c. 215 died 275, near Byzantium [now Istanbul, Turkey] ... Roman emperor from 270 to 275. By reuniting the empire, which had virtually disintegrated under the pressure of invasions and internal revolts, he earned his self-adopted title restitutor orbis (`restorer of the world'). Aurelian, born near the Danube River, had established himself as an army officer when, about 260, from outside pressure and internal fragmentation of authority, the frontiers of the empire suddenly collapsed. With his compatriot Claudius, Aurelian led the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus (253-268), and, upon Gallienus's assassination in 268, Claudius became emperor. The new ruler quickly suppressed the rebellion of the usurper Aureolus, but, after a reign of 18 months, Claudius died. His brother Quintillus, who ruled about three months, died or was killed, and in September 270 Aurelian succeeded as emperor. ... Aurelian was an outstanding general and a severe and uncompromising administrator. ... He sought to subordinate the divergent religions of the empire to the cult of the Unconquered Sun (Sol Invictus) and so create the kind of religious unity that came only later with Constantine. Early in 275, while marching to open a campaign against Persia, Aurelian was murdered by a group of officers who had allegedly been misled by his secretary into believing themselves marked for execution. ... The empire remained divided and chaotic until Diocletian's ascension (ad 284)." ("Aurelian," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 27 December, 2008).

"The precise origin of assigning December 25 as the birth date of Jesus is unclear. The New Testament provides no clues in this regard. December 25 was first identified as the date of Jesus' birth by Sextus Julius Africanus in 221 and later became the universally accepted date. One widespread explanation of the origin of this date is that December 25 was the Christianizing of the dies solis invicti nati ('day of the birth of the unconquered sun'), a popular holiday in the Roman Empire that celebrated the winter solstice as a symbol of the resurgence of the sun, the casting away of winter and the heralding of the rebirth of spring and summer. Indeed, after December 25 had become widely accepted as the date of Jesus' birth, Christian writers frequently made the connection between the rebirth of the sun and the birth of the Son. One of the difficulties with this view is that it suggests a nonchalant willingness on the part of the Christian church to appropriate a pagan festival when the early church was so intent on distinguishing itself categorically from pagan beliefs and practices. A second view suggests that December 25 became the date of Jesus' birth by a priori reasoning that identified the spring equinox as the date of the creation of the world and the fourth day of creation, when the light was created, as the day of Jesus' conception (i.e., March 25). December 25, nine months later, then became the date of Jesus' birth. For a long time the celebration of Jesus' birth was observed in conjunction with his baptism, celebrated January 6." ("Christmas," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 27 December 2008).

"Saturnalia ... One of the best-known festivals of ancient Rome was the Saturnalia, a winter festival celebrated on December 17-24. Because it was a time of wild merrymaking and domestic celebrations, businesses, schools, and law courts were closed so that the public could feast, dance, gamble, and generally enjoy itself to the fullest." ("Saturnalia," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 26 December 2008).

"Sextus Julius Africanus Christian historian. born c. AD 180, Jerusalem. died c. 250. ... first Christian historian known to produce a universal chronology. His life is not well documented, but evidence indicates that Africanus traveled considerably in Asia, Egypt, and Italy and later lived chiefly at Emmaus, in Palestine, where he served as prefect. He was named regional ambassador to Rome about 222, when he became a protégé of the emperor Severus Alexander. Africanus' greatest work was Chronographiai (221), a five-volume treatise on sacred and profane history from the Creation (which he placed at 5499 BC) to AD 221. Relying on the Bible as the basis of his calculations, he incorporated and synchronized Egyptian and Chaldaean chronologies, Greek mythology, and Judaic history with Christianity. His work raised the prestige of early Christianity by placing it within a historical context. He also wrote a critical work on genealogies of Christ as found in Matthew and Luke." ("Sextus Julius Africanus," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 27 December, 2008).

"Sol ... in Roman religion, name of two distinct sun gods at Rome. The original Sol, or Sol Indiges, had a shrine on the Quirinal, an annual sacrifice on August 9, and another shrine, together with Luna, the moon goddess, in the Circus Maximus. Although the cult appears to have been native, the Roman poets equated him with the Greek sun god Helios. The worship of Sol assumed an entirely different character with the later importation of various sun cults from Syria. The Roman emperor Elagabalus (reigned AD 218-222) built a temple to him as Sol Invictus on the Palatine and attempted to make his worship the principal religion at Rome. The emperor Aurelian (reigned 270-275) later reestablished the worship and erected a magnificent temple to Sol in the Campus Agrippae. The worship of Sol as special protector of the emperors and of the empire remained the chief imperial cult until it was replaced by Christianity." ("Sol," Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 26 December 2008).

"Christmas Is Christmas a pagan celebration merely because it is celebrated at the same time of the year as ancient pagan feasts honoring a sun god? ... the Watchtower seeks to convince the world that to win the favor of pagans, the early `apostate Church' established Christmas at the time of the pagan feast of Sol Invictus. This feast of `the unconquerable sun' celebrated at the time of the winter solstice-was when the sun began to return to the northern skies and the days grew longer. It was essentially a celebration of the return of sunlight. While one frequently encounters assertions that Christmas was timed to coincide with the celebration of Sol Invictus, these never seem to be backed up by evidence. In particular, they are never backed up by quotations from the early Christians saying, `We decided to time this celebration to coincide with Sol Invictus, and this is why ...' If the early Church had deliberately decided to time the celebrations to coincide, this ought to be reflected in its writings, but it isn't. Witnesses never produce quotes from early Christians saying that Christmas was timed to coincide with a pagan festival. That is sheer speculation." (Evert, J., 2001, "Answering Jehovah's Witnesses," Catholic Answers: El Cajon CA, pp.145-146).

" ... why the church later chose Dec. 25 for Christmas. Two main theories compete. One notes that in A.D. 274, the Roman Emperor Aurelian inaugurated Dec. 25 as the pagan `Birth of the Unconquered Sun' celebration, at the calendar point when daylight began to lengthen. Supposedly, Christians then borrowed the date and devised Christmas to compete with paganism. Aurelian's empire seemed near collapse, so his festival proclaimed imperial and pagan rejuvenation. Prior to 274 there's no record of a major sun cult at the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice (the year's shortest day, which actually occurs before Dec. 25). William Tighe, a church history specialist at Pennsylvania's Muhlenberg College, champions the exact opposite theory. Aurelian almost certainly created `a pagan alternative to a date that was already of some significance to Roman Christians,' Tighe wrote last December in Touchstone, a Chicago-based magazine for Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant traditionalists. True, the Christians later appropriated Aurelian's festival into their Christmas. But Dec. 25 `appears to owe nothing whatsoever to pagan influences,' Tighe asserted. He said the pagans-first theory originated only three centuries ago in the writings of Protestant historian Paul Ernst Jablonski and Catholic monk Jean Hardouin. Tighe acknowledged that the first hard evidence of Christmas occurring on Dec. 25 isn't found until A.D. 336 and the date only became a fixed festival in Constantinople in 379." (Ostling, R., 2004, "Why is Dec. 25 the date to celebrate Christmas? Two explanations compete," North County Times, December 22).

"Many Christians think that Christians celebrate Christ's birth on December 25th because the church fathers appropriated the date of a pagan festival. Almost no one minds, except for a few groups on the fringes of American Evangelicalism, who seem to think that this makes Christmas itself a pagan festival. But it is perhaps interesting to know that the choice of December 25th is the result of attempts among the earliest Christians to figure out the date of Jesus' birth based on calendrical calculations that had nothing to do with pagan festivals. Rather, the pagan festival of the `Birth of the Unconquered Son' instituted by the Roman Emperor Aurelian on 25 December 274, was almost certainly an attempt to create a pagan alternative to a date that was already of some significance to Roman Christians. Thus the `pagan origins of Christmas' is a myth without historical substance." (Tighe, W.J., "Calculating Christmas," Touchstone, December, 2003a).

A Mistake The idea that the date was taken from the pagans goes back to two scholars from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Paul Ernst Jablonski, a German Protestant, wished to show that the celebration of Christ's birth on December 25th was one of the many `paganizations' of Christianity that the Church of the fourth century embraced, as one of many `degenerations' that transformed pure apostolic Christianity into Catholicism. Dom Jean Hardouin, a Benedictine monk, tried to show that the Catholic Church adopted pagan festivals for Christian purposes without paganizing the gospel." (Tighe, 2003b Ibid).

"In the Julian calendar, created in 45 B.C. under Julius Caesar, the winter solstice fell on December 25th, and it therefore seemed obvious to Jablonski and Hardouin that the day must have had a pagan significance before it had a Christian one. But in fact, the date had no religious significance in the Roman pagan festal calendar before Aurelian's time, nor did the cult of the sun play a prominent role in Rome before him.. There were two temples of the sun in Rome, one of which (maintained by the clan into which Aurelian was born or adopted) celebrated its dedication festival on August 9th, the other of which celebrated its dedication festival on August 28th. But both of these cults fell into neglect in the second century, when eastern cults of the sun, such as Mithraism, began to win a following in Rome. And in any case, none of these cults, old or new, had festivals associated with solstices or equinoxes." (Tighe, 2003c, Ibid).

"As things actually happened, Aurelian, who ruled from 270 until his assassination in 275, was hostile to Christianity and appears to have promoted the establishment of the festival of the `Birth of the Unconquered Sun' as a device to unify the various pagan cults of the Roman Empire around a commemoration of the annual `rebirth' of the sun. He led an empire that appeared to be collapsing in the face of internal unrest, rebellions in the provinces, economic decay, and repeated attacks from German tribes to the north and the Persian Empire to the east. In creating the new feast, he intended the beginning of the lengthening of the daylight, and the arresting of the lengthening of darkness, on December 25th to be a symbol of the hoped-for `rebirth,' or perpetual rejuvenation, of the Roman Empire, resulting from the maintenance of the worship of the gods whose tutelage (the Romans thought) had brought Rome to greatness and world-rule. If it co-opted the Christian celebration, so much the better." (Tighe, 2003d, Ibid).

"Alexander Severus ... Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, commonly called Alexander Severus, (October 1, 208-March 18, 235) was the last Roman emperor (11 March 222-235) of the Severan dynasty, having succeeded, as heir apparent, his despised cousin, the eighteen year old Emperor Elagabalus who had been murdered along with his mother by his own guards-and as a mark of contempt, had their remains cast into the Tiber river. He became emperor suddenly when a rumor of Alexander's death had circulated, triggering the assassination. He and his cousin were both grandsons of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa, who had arranged for Elagabalus' acclamation by the Legio III Gallica as emperor. ... he did much to improve the morals and condition of the people. ... The luxury and extravagance that had formerly been so prevalent at the court were put down; the standard of the coinage was raised; taxes were lightened; literature, art and science were encouraged ... In religious matters Alexander preserved an open mind. It is said that he was desirous of erecting a temple to the founder of Christianity [Jesus], but was dissuaded by the pagan priests. ("Alexander Severus," Wikipedia, 7 November 2008).

"Saturnalia is the feast with which the Romans commemorated the dedication of the temple of the god Saturn, which was on 17 December. Over the years, it expanded to a whole week, to 23 December. Saturnalia became one of the most popular Roman festivals. It was marked by tomfoolery and reversal of social roles, in which slaves and masters ostensibly switched places. Saturnalia was a public festival in Rome. Originally celebrated for a day, on December 17th, popularity grew it to week-long extravaganza, ending on the 23rd." ("Saturnalia," Wikipedia, 24 December 2008).

"Aurelian ... The Roman gens Aurelia was associated with the cult of Sol. After his victories in the East, the emperor Aurelian [c. 214-275] introduced an official cult of Sol Invictus, making the sun-god the premier divinity of the empire, and wearing his radiated crown himself. He founded a college of pontifices, and dedicated a temple to Sol Invictus in 274. It is possible that he created the festival called dies natalis Solis Invicti, `birthday of the undefeated Sun', which is recorded in 354 ... as celebrated on the 25th December; but no earlier reference to it exists. The cult of Sol Invictus was the leading official cult of the fourth century." ("Sol Invictus: Aurelian," Wikipedia, 19 December 2008).

"Elagabalus (c. 203 - March 11, 222) ... was a Roman Emperor ...who reigned from 218 to 222. ... he was a Syrian by birth ... and in his early youth he served as a priest of the god El-Gabal at his hometown, Emesa.... Elagabalus, barely fourteen years old, ascended to the imperial power and began a reign that was marred by controversies. During his rule, Elagabalus showed a disregard for Roman religious traditions .... Elagabalus replaced Jupiter, head of the Roman pantheon, with a new god, Deus Sol Invictus, and forced leading members of Rome's government to participate in religious rites celebrating this deity, which he personally led. Amidst growing opposition, Elagabalus, only 18 years old, was assassinated and replaced by his cousin Severus Alexander on March 11, 222 ... Since the reign of Septimius Severus, sun worship had increased throughout the Empire. Elagabalus saw this as an opportunity to install El-Gabal as the chief deity of the Roman Pantheon. The god was renamed Deus Sol Invictus, meaning God the Undefeated Sun, and placed over Jupiter. ... A lavish temple called the Elagabalium was built on the east face of the Palatine Hill to house El-Gabal ... By 221 Elagabalus' eccentricities ... increasingly infuriated the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard. ... [in 222] the Praetorians attacked [and killed] Elagabalus ... His religious edicts were reversed and El-Gabal was returned to Emesa." ("Elagabalus," Wikipedia, 26 December 2008).

"Sol Invictus and Christianity ... Whether the 'Sol Invictus' festival has a `claim on the responsibility' for the date of Christmas (Catholic Encyclopedia (1908)) has been called into question by Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, who challenged this theory by arguing that a December 25th date was determined simply by calculating nine months beyond March 25th, regarded as the day of Jesus' conception (the Feast of the Annunciation).[Ratzinger, J., "The Spirit of the Liturgy," Saward, J., trans., Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA, 2000, p.108] The March 25th date coincides with concepts of `new life' and `rebirth' and have been associated by Christianity with Jesus. Other recent Christian commentators [Tighe, W.J., "Calculating Christmas," Touchstone, 2003; Schmidt, A.J., "Under the Influence," HarperCollins, 2001, pp.377-379] also agree that the identification of Christ's birthday pre-dates the Sol Invictus festival, noting the earliest record of the celebration of Christ's birthday on December 25 dates to 243 A.D." ("Sol Invictus: Sol Invictus and Christianity," Wikipedia, 19 December 2008).

Monday, December 22, 2008

Was Jesus born on December 25? #2: Pagan origin so shouldn't be celebrated?

Continuing from "Was Jesus born on December 25? #1: Watchtower arguments against," with this part #2 of a four-part

[Above: The Watchtower Bible & Tract Society's last Christmas celebration in 1926: "Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society: Brooklyn NY, 1993, pp.198-199. See however below where the Society states that it was from "December 12, 1928 ... that, the brothers at Bethel never celebrated Christmas again". Click to enlarge and note the `pagan' Christmas decorations and gifts on the tables!]

series, "Was Jesus born on December 25?"

Now for the final reason the Watchtower Society gives for its claim that December 25 should not be celebrated as the date of Jesus' birth:

December 25 has pagan roots and therefore Christ's birth should not be celebrated on that (or any) day:

"What, then, of the date December 25, celebrated by many as the birthday of Christ? ... the people of Rome already observed it as the Feast of Saturn ... There is no escaping it: Christmas is of pagan origin. ... How much more important it is for true Christians today to shun a celebration that was never authorized by God, that stems from pagan Babylon, and that falsely bears the name of Christ!" (WB&TS, 1968, "The Truth that Leads to Eternal Life," pp.148-149).

"The mixing of non-Christian and supposed Christian religion extends to other holidays, such as Christmas. ... December 25 was chosen because it was already a Roman holiday. ...After he learns the facts, what person who sincerely loves Jehovah would continue to accept beliefs and practices based on a compromise with pagan worship?" (WB&TS, 1980, "Happiness," pp.171-172).

"Christmas is a prominent religious holiday today. But ... December 25 is not the date of Jesus' birth ... December 25 was chosen as the date to celebrate Jesus' birth because ... The people of Rome already observed it as the Feast of Saturn, celebrating the birthday of the sun.' ... How much more important it is for true Christians today to keep away from holidays that God never said should be observed and that came from false religion!" (WB&TS, 1989, "You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth," pp.213-214).

"... December 25 was set aside by the Romans as the birthday of their sun god. ... apostate Christians adopted this date for the celebration of Christ's birth. Consequently, true Christians do not celebrate Christmas or any other holiday based on false religious beliefs." (WB&TS, 1995, "Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life," p.126).

"The pagan roots of Christmas have long been recognized. ... Because of the connections that Christmas has with false religion, however, those who want to please God do not celebrate it or any other holiday that has its roots in pagan worship." (WB&TS, 2005, "What Does the Bible Really Teach?," pp.158-159).

As can be seen above, the Watchtower Society insists that "Christmas is of pagan origin," it "was never authorized by God" but "stems from pagan Babylon" and "falsely bears the name of Christ." That "true Christians" should "shun" such "a celebration" and "true Christians do not celebrate Christmas," which is "based on false religious beliefs."

But as ex-Jehovah's Witness elder David Reed points out:

"... The Watchtower did not always express this viewpoint. The organization's founders and early leaders celebrated Christmas and encouraged others to do the same:
`"Christmas Day," in celebration of our dear Redeemer's birth, has for long centuries been celebrated on December 25th; and although it is now well known that this date is in error ... nevertheless, since the Lord has given no instructions whatever upon this subject ... it cannot be improper ... for us to remember in a social way our dear Redeemer's birth at this time.' - Zion's Watch Tower, December 15, 1898, page 370.

`It matters not particularly that December 25 is not the anniversary of our Lord's birth ... One day, as well as another, will serve us to commemorate our Savior's birth ... - Zion's Watch Tower, December 15, 1908, page 379.
The early Watchtower leaders who felt this way were just as familiar as today's leaders with the resemblance between pagan customs and certain Christmas traditions." (Reed, 1996, "Answering Jehovah's Witnesses: Subject by Subject," pp.74-75).

So the Society from 1879-1928, the first 49 years, or over one-third (~38%) of its existence (when it went under the name of International Bible Students Association), by its own admission, did "celebrate the supposed birthday of Jesus ... for many years," including "with a Christmas tree in the Bethel dining room," and therefore for nearly a half-century, Jehovah's Witnesses celebrated "pagan things" that were "a soiled garment":

"Yes, in those earlier days ... why not celebrate the supposed birthday of Jesus? This they also did for many years. In Pastor Russell's day, Christmas was celebrated at the old Bible House in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. ... A custom that certainly would not be carried on today was the celebration of Christmas with a Christmas tree in the Bethel dining room. ... What caused the Bible Students to stop celebrating Christmas? .. an hour talk over a ... radio ... on the subject of Christmas. ... December 12, 1928 ... That talk pointed out the pagan origin of Christmas. After that, the brothers at Bethel never celebrated Christmas again.' `Did we mind putting those pagan things away?' ... Absolutely not. .... It was just like taking a soiled garment off and throwing it away ..." (WB&TS, 1975, "1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses," p.146).

Here are some more quotes, from The Watchtower from 1903 up to December 1926, commanding those early Jehovah's Witnesses to not "quibble about the date" December 25, but rather "join in with the world and celebrate Christmas":

"It is quite immaterial the day Christmas is celebrated; we may properly join [in]. WT 12/15/1903, p.3290.

Don't quibble about the date; join in with the world and celebrate Christmas. WT 12/1/1904, p.3468.

The Studies in the Scriptures suggested as Christmas gifts WT 11/15/1907, p.4094.

Christmas is so important, regardless of the date. WT 12/15/1926, p.371."

(Reed, D.A., ed., 1990, "Index of Watchtower Errors, 1879 to 1989," Compiled by Steve Huntoon and John Cornell, Baker: Grand Rapids MI, p.72).

That is, even though "For many years" those Jehovah's Witnesses "had been aware that December 25 was not the correct date," they still held to "religious teachings that had pagan roots,"and by Christmas "gift-giving" were imitating "demon-inspired astrologers," were guilty of "lying" to their "children ... about Santa Claus," who was "the Devil himself," and "that such festivals were ... `the very instruments and appendages of demon-worship'. And that by such participating "in holidays and celebrations that are linked with pagan gods," for nearly half-a century, " Jehovah's Witnesses" were "part of the world":

"When Jehovah's Witnesses cast aside religious teachings that had pagan roots, they also quit sharing in many customs that were similarly tainted. But for a time, certain holidays were not given the careful scrutiny that they needed. One of these was Christmas. This holiday was celebrated yearly even by members of the Watch Tower Society's headquarters staff at the Bethel Home in Brooklyn, New York. For many years they had been aware that December 25 was not the correct date ... after further investigation of the subject, the members of the Society's headquarters staff ... decided to stop sharing in Christmas festivities, so no Christmas celebration was held there after 1926 [sic] ... the magi whose gift-giving was being imitated were actually demon-inspired astrologers; that parents set an example for their children in lying by what they told them about Santa Claus; that `St. Nicholas' (Santa Claus) was admittedly another name for the Devil himself; and that such festivals were ... `the very instruments and appendages of demon-worship' the church had adopted ... Jehovah's Witnesses ... do not participate in holidays and celebrations that are linked with pagan gods ... Why? Because Jehovah's Witnesses are no part of the world." (WB&TS, 1993, "Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom," pp.198-199).

However, as mentioned in part #1, the Watchtower Society is wrong in its claim that Christianity borrowed December 25 for the celebration of Jesus' birth from pagan Rome. In fact, as we shall see in the next part #3, pagan Rome in AD 274 borrowed December 25 for the celebration of its Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") festival from Christianity!

That is, as we shall see, for eighty years, from 1928 to the present, the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society has been totally wrong in its claim that the Christian Church's celebration of Jesus' birth on December 25 is of pagan origin and therefore should not be celebrated.

Quotes referenced above are hyperlinked to the full quote in the `tagline' below (emphasis original italics, emphasis bold mine). see part #1 for my refutation of Watchtower claims below that other than those dealt with under this topic, "December 25 has pagan roots and therefore Christ's birth should not be celebrated on that (or any) day."

Continued in part #3: Pagans borrowed December 25 from Christians!

Stephen E. Jones.
My other blogs: CreationEvolutionDesign & TheShroudofTurin


"Interestingly, however, The Watchtower did not always express this viewpoint. The organization's founders and early leaders celebrated Christmas and encouraged others to do the same:

`"Christmas Day," in celebration of our dear Redeemer's birth, has for long centuries been celebrated on December 25th; and although it is now well known that this date is in error, and that it more properly corresponds with the date of the annunciation to Mary, nine months before our Lord was born, and that he was born about October 1st, nevertheless, since the Lord has given no instructions whatever upon this subject, and since it is proper to do good deeds and think good thoughts upon any day, it cannot be improper, in harmony with general usage, for us to remember in a social way our dear Redeemer's birth at this time.' - Zion's Watch Tower, December 15, 1898, page 370.

`It matters not particularly that December 25 is not the anniversary of our Lord's birth, according to the Scriptural account; that really he was born about September 25, nine months later. One day, as well as another, will serve us to commemorate our Savior's birth in the flesh, as a gift of God's love to a condemned and dying world. - Zion's Watch Tower, December 15, 1908, page 379.

The early Watchtower leaders who felt this way were just as familiar as today's leaders with the resemblance between pagan customs and certain Christmas traditions. They welcomed opportunities to share with others in honoring Christ, while today's leaders seem more eager to keep followers separated from non-JW relatives and neighbors. (Some form of isolation from outsiders is a common thread found in many mind-control cults. With some groups this separation is accomplished by physically withdrawing into a commune, while in other cults members continue living in the outside world but withdraw from social contact with nonmembers.)" (Reed, D.A., 1996, "Answering Jehovah's Witnesses: Subject by Subject," Baker: Grand Rapids MI, Second printing, 1998, pp.74-75).

"What about Christmas? By checking reference works in a public library, you will find that it was unknown among the earliest Christians. Jesus instructed his followers to observe a memorial of his death, not of his birth. (1 Corinthians 11:24-26) Says The Catholic Encyclopedia: `Christmas was not among the earliest festivals of the church... . The first evidence of the feast is from Egypt.' What, then, of the date December 25, celebrated by many as the birthday of Christ? It could not have been the date of Jesus' birth. The Bible shows that at the time shepherds were still in the fields at night. As the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1907, Vol. V, p. 611) acknowledges, they would not have been there in the cold, rainy season of winter. (Luke 2:8-12) As for the origin of the date, The World Book Encyclopedia says: `In A.D. 354, Bishop Liberius of Rome ordered the people to celebrate on December 25. He probably chose this date because the people of Rome already observed it as the Feast of Saturn, celebrating the birthday of the sun.' [The World Book Encyclopedia, 1966, Vol. 3, p. 416] Since the date of Christmas is of pagan origin, it should not seem strange that the customs of Christmas are also of pagan origin. Thus the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics tells us: `Most of the Christmas customs now prevailing ... are not genuine Christian customs, but heathen customs which have been absorbed or tolerated by the Church ... The Saturnalia in Rome provided the model for most of the merry customs of the Christmas time.' [Hastings, J., Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. III, pp. 608-609] ... Also, The Encyclopedia Americana points out that among the customs borrowed from the pagan Roman feast of Saturnalia was `the giving of gifts.' [The Encyclopedia Americana, 1956, Vol. VI, p. 622.] There is no escaping it: Christmas is of pagan origin. Knowing this, we should pay attention to the apostle Paul's warning against mixing the true and the false. He says that even `a little leaven ferments the whole lump.' (Galatians 5:9) He reproved some of the early Christians for observing days that had been kept under the law of Moses but that God had canceled for Christians. (Galatians 4:10, 11) How much more important it is for true Christians today to shun a celebration that was never authorized by God, that stems from pagan Babylon, and that falsely bears the name of Christ!" (WB&TS, 1968, "The Truth that Leads to Eternal Life," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society: Brooklyn NY, pp.148-149).

"Yes, in those earlier days, dedicated Christians commemorated birthdays. Well, then, why not celebrate the supposed birthday of Jesus? This they also did for many years. In Pastor Russell's day, Christmas was celebrated at the old Bible House in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Ora Sullivan Wakefield recalls that Brother Russell gave members of the Bible House family five- or ten-dollar gold pieces at Christmas. Mabel P. M. Philbrick remarks: `A custom that certainly would not be carried on today was the celebration of Christmas with a Christmas tree in the Bethel dining room. Brother Russell's usual "Good morning, all" was changed to "Merry Christmas, all."' What caused the Bible Students to stop celebrating Christmas? Richard H. Barber gave this answer: `I was asked to give an hour talk over a [radio] hookup on the subject of Christmas. It was given December 12, 1928, and published in The Golden Age #241 and again a year later in #268. That talk pointed out the pagan origin of Christmas. After that, the brothers at Bethel never celebrated Christmas again.' `Did we mind putting those pagan things away?' asks Charles John Brandlein. `Absolutely not. This was just complying with new things learned, and we had never known before they were pagan. It was just like taking a soiled garment off and throwing it away.' Next, birthday celebrations and Mother's Day were discarded - more creature worship. Sister Lilian Kammerud recalls: `How readily the brothers all dropped these holidays and admitted they were glad to be free. New truths always make us happy and ... we felt we were privileged to know things that others were ignorant about.'" (WB&TS, 1975, "1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses: Containing Report for the Service Year of 1974," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society: Brooklyn NY, p.146).

"The mixing of non-Christian and supposed Christian religion extends to other holidays, such as Christmas. God directed Christians to commemorate Jesus' death, not his birth. (1 Corinthians 11:24-26) And the Bible shows that Jesus was not born in December, which is a cold rainy season in Israel. (Luke 2:8-11) You can check almost any encyclopedia and see that December 25 was chosen because it was already a Roman holiday. Sir James Frazer observes: `Taken altogether, the coincidences of [Christmas and Easter] with the heathen festivals are too close and too numerous to be accidental... . [Clerics] perceived that if Christianity was to conquer the world it could do so only by relaxing the too rigid principles of its Founder, by widening a little the narrow gate which leads to salvation.' - The Golden Bough. After he learns the facts, what person who sincerely loves Jehovah would continue to accept beliefs and practices based on a compromise with pagan worship? To some persons these teachings or practices may seem like little things. But the Bible clearly says: `A little leaven ferments the whole lump.' - Galatians 5:9." (WB&TS, 1980, "Happiness-How to Find It," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York: Brooklyn NY, pp.171-172).

"Christmas is a prominent religious holiday today. But history shows that it was not a celebration observed by the very early Christians. Jesus told his followers to observe a memorial of his death, not of his birth. (1 Corinthians 11:24-26) The fact is, December 25 is not the date of Jesus' birth. It could not have been, since the Bible shows that at the time of his birth shepherds were still in the fields at night. They would not have been there in the cold, rainy season of winter. (Luke 2:8-12) Actually December 25 was chosen as the date to celebrate Jesus' birth because, as The World Book Encyclopedia explains: `The people of Rome already observed it as the Feast of Saturn, celebrating the birthday of the sun.' ... Yet does it really matter that Christmas and Easter are not Christian celebrations but actually had their beginnings with worshipers of false gods? The apostle Paul warned against mixing the true and the false, saying that even `a little leaven ferments the whole lump.' (Galatians 5:9) He told some early Christians that it was wrong for them to observe days that had been kept under the law of Moses but that had been canceled by God for Christians. (Galatians 4:10, 11) How much more important it is for true Christians today to keep away from holidays that God never said should be observed and that came from false religion!" (WB&TS, 1989, "You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth," [1982], Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York: Brooklyn NY, Second edition, pp.213-214).

"When the World Had Its Holidays When Jehovah's Witnesses cast aside religious teachings that had pagan roots, they also quit sharing in many customs that were similarly tainted. But for a time, certain holidays were not given the careful scrutiny that they needed. One of these was Christmas. This holiday was celebrated yearly even by members of the Watch Tower Society's headquarters staff at the Bethel Home in Brooklyn, New York. For many years they had been aware that December 25 was not the correct date, but they reasoned that the date had long been popularly associated with the birth of the Savior and that doing good for others was proper on any day. However, after further investigation of the subject, the members of the Society's headquarters staff, as well as the staffs at the Society's branch offices in England and in Switzerland, decided to stop sharing in Christmas festivities, so no Christmas celebration was held there after 1926 [sic] R. H. Barber, a member of the headquarters staff who made a thorough investigation of the origin of Christmas customs and the fruitage that these were yielding, presented the results in a radio broadcast. That information was also published in The Golden Age of December 12, 1928. It was a thorough expose of the God-dishonoring roots of Christmas. Since then, the pagan roots of Christmas customs have become general public knowledge, but few people make changes in their way of life as a result. On the other hand, Jehovah's Witnesses were willing to make needed changes in order to be more acceptable as servants of Jehovah. When shown that celebrating the birth of Jesus had actually become of greater interest to people than the ransom provided by his death; that the revelry of the holiday and the spirit in which many gifts were given did not honor God; that the magi whose gift-giving was being imitated were actually demon-inspired astrologers; that parents set an example for their children in lying by what they told them about Santa Claus; that `St. Nicholas' (Santa Claus) was admittedly another name for the Devil himself; and that such festivals were, as acknowledged by Cardinal Newman in his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, `the very instruments and appendages of demon-worship' the church had adopted -when made aware of these things, Jehovah's Witnesses promptly and permanently stopped having any part in Christmas celebrations. Jehovah's Witnesses have good times with their families and friends. But they do not participate in holidays and celebrations that are linked with pagan gods (as is true of such holidays as Easter, New Year's Day, May Day, and Mother's Day). (2 Cor. 6:14-17) Like the early Christians, they do not even celebrate birthdays. They also respectfully refrain from sharing in national holidays that memorialize political or military events and refrain from giving worshipful honor to national heroes. Why? Because Jehovah's Witnesses are no part of the world." (WB&TS, 1993, "Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society: Brooklyn NY, pp.198-199. Emphasis original).

"A godly life frees us from the often burdensome celebrating of worldly holidays. For instance, the Bible does not reveal the exact day of Jesus' birth. 'I thought Jesus was born on December 25!' some may exclaim. This is not possible because he died in the spring of 33 C.E. at 33 1/2 years of age. Moreover, at the time of his birth, shepherds were "living out of doors and keeping watches in the night over their flocks." (Luke 2:8) In the land of Israel, late December is a cold, rainy season during which sheep would be kept in shelters overnight to protect them from the winter weather. Actually, December 25 was set aside by the Romans as the birthday of their sun god. Centuries after Jesus was on earth, apostate Christians adopted this date for the celebration of Christ's birth. Consequently, true Christians do not celebrate Christmas or any other holiday based on false religious beliefs." (WB&TS, 1995, "Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life," [1984], Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York: Brooklyn NY, Second edition, p.126).

"THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTMAS It was not until several hundred years after Jesus lived on the earth that people began to commemorate his birth on December 25. But that was not the date of Jesus' birth ... So why was December 25 chosen? Some who later claimed to be Christian likely `wished the date to coincide with the pagan Roman festival marking the `birthday of the unconquered sun.' (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) In winter, when the sun seemed weakest, pagans held ceremonies to get this source of warmth and light to come back from its distant travels. December 25 was thought to be the day that the sun began its return. In an effort to convert pagans, religious leaders adopted this festival and tried to make it seem `Christian.' ... The Saturnalia also played a part in the choice of December 25. This festival honoring the Roman god of agriculture took place on December 17-24. Feasting, merrymaking, and gift-giving took place during the Saturnalia. The pagan roots of Christmas have long been recognized. ... Because of the connections that Christmas has with false religion, however, those who want to please God do not celebrate it or any other holiday that has its roots in pagan worship." (WB&TS, 2005, "What Does the Bible Really Teach?," Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York: Brooklyn NY, pp.157-159).